Qu'est-ce que vous avez fait pour les vacances de printemps?

Pour les vacances de printemps, je n'ai rein fait. J'ai dormi beaucoup.

Passive membrane transport

Passive transport is the cellular process of moving molecules and other substances across membranes. Passive transport differs from active transport in it that does not involve any chemical energy. Rather, passive transport relies on the innate permeability of the cell membrane and its component protein and lipids. 

Osmosis

In biological terms, osmosis is the diffusion of water though a membrane to a region with a lower concentration of water.

Diffusion

Diffusion is the overall movement of material from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Color Blindness - Kit Brown

What is Color Blindness? 

Color vision deficiency or 'color blindness' is a hereditary condition usually passed down from the X chromosome. (This is why it is more common to hear about males being color blind more than females.) It causes those affected to not process color properly. There are red/green deficiencies and blue/yellow deficiencies, but then also types of deficiencies within those, etc. 

What Types of Color Blindness Are There? 

Anomalous Trichomancy - Meaning all three types of cone cells are slightly skewed, affecting vision. Within that there is protanomaly (reduced sensitivity to red light), deuteranomaly (reduced sensitivity to green light-- and the most common), and tritanomaly (reduced sensitivity to blue light, which is very rare). 
According to Colorblindawareness.org: 

"People with deuteranomaly and protanomaly are collectively known as red-green colour blind and they generally have difficulty distinguishing between reds, greens, browns and oranges. They also commonly confuse different types of blue and purple hues.

People with reduced blue sensitivity have difficulty identifying differences between blue and yellow, violet and red and blue and green. To these people the world appears as generally red, pink, black, white, grey and turquoise."

Dichromancy - People with this type of deficiency only have two types of cone cells in their retina, meaning they simply cannot perceive a certain section of color in the light section. Colorblindawareness.org says: 

People with both red and green deficiencies live in a world of murky greens where blues and yellows stand out. Browns, oranges, shades of red and green are easily confused. Both types will confuse some blues with some purples and both types will struggle to identify pale shades of most colours.

However, there are some specific differences between the 2 red/green deficiencies.

Protanopia

Protanopes are more likely to confuse:-
1. Black with many shades of red
2. Dark brown with dark green, dark orange and dark red
2. Some blues with some reds, purples and dark pinks
3. Mid-greens with some oranges

Deuteranopes

Deuteranopes are more likely to confuse:-
1. Mid-reds with mid-greens
2. Blue-greens with grey and mid-pinks
3. Bright greens with yellows
4. Pale pinks with light grey
5. Mid-reds with mid-brown
6. Light blues with lilac

How is it Caused? 

The reason for color vision deficiency is still being researched, but it is believed it can be caused by faulty cones, or a malfunctioning pathway from cone cells to the brain. 

How Does it Work? 

Color vision deficiency effects the cones in the retina which process light into color. There are three types of cone cells that interpret red, green, and blue respectively. When prompted, the brain can interpret the signals prompted from these cells to make your perceive color. For example, if you see something purple, your retina will stimulate the red and blue cone cells. 

When someone s

Who Does it Effect? 

1 in 12 males have color vision deficiency, whereas only about 1 in 200 females do. 

PERSONAL REFLECTION
I definitely found reading this as a bit of enlightening experience. Not only is my dad colorblind, but it's also kind of hard to find information on what it exactly is and how it works. I found it super interesting to be able to read this much about something so common. 

Erik Ludlow - Antibiotics

Antiobiotics

What are Antibiotics - Antibiotics, also called antibacterials, are a type of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections.

Antibiotics are not effective against viruses such as the common cold or influenza, and their inappropriate use allows the emergence of resistant organisms.

Antibiotics were revolutionized in the 20th century together with vaccination have led to the near end of major diseases in the world. 

However, their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance.

All classes of antibiotics in use today were first discovered prior to the mid 1980s. 

In 1928 Alexander Fleming used penicillin a certain molecule that made certain molds to stop or kill the growth of bacterias. Fleming was working on a culture of disease-causing bacteria when he noticed the spores of a green mold, Penicillium chrysogenum, in one of his culture plates. He observed that the presence of the mold killed or prevented the growth of the bacteria.

Antibiotics have different classes to which they are used. They mostly are used to help with bacterial functions or growth processes. There are others that attack cell walls and or interfere with bacterial activities. There are also other that target protein synthesis.

 

Testing the susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to 

antibiotics by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method – 

antibiotics diffuse from antibiotic-containing disks and

inhibit growth of S. aureus, resulting in a zone of inhibition.

Citations
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotics#/media/File:Staphylococcus_aureus_(AB_Test).jpg

Meiosis

Meiosis:



Main idea:
- 1 cell has 46 chromosome, you go from interphase into Homologous Chromosomes, and from there the 1 cell will change into 2 cells, and for a last time they divide again and change into 4 cells.

Personal Reflection:
      I have learned about meiosis and i know understand genetic mutations, variation and many more things through Meiosis. I didn't know that when you change from interphase to homologous and the number of chromosomes stay the same and then they divide twice rather than once like mitosis.

Genetics: Dominant Trait

Genetics: Dominant Trait

What is the Dominant Trait in Genetics?
 -The Dominant Trait in genetics is the most powerful allele of them all. It has power over the recessive and bullies it all the time because its stupid. 
 -No matter what the case is if there is a dominant trait in the allele then it will be that trait 1000000000% of the time no questions asked. 
 Example: If I had a cross between a dominant blue worm and a recessive brown worm the offspring would all be Bb. The dominant trait of blue would overpower the brown making its offspring Blue. 

How do you tell if something is dominant or recessive?
 - When we talk about the dominant trait in a problem we are looking at the BIG BOY. He will always be the capital letter in the pair. 
 Example: If we had a dominant trait of red and a recessive trait of blue then the dominant would be RR for red and the recessive would be rr for blue. 
 -The first letter of the dominate trait (in this instance it would be red) is the only letter you use for the punnett square.  

What if it is not stated in the problem? 
 - If the dominant trait is not stated in the problem it will always be the heterozygous parent. 
 Example: If I have a cross between a heterozygous green potato and a homozygous yellow potato then the dominant trait would be green (Gr)

  


Reflections:
 - This unit on genetics by far was my favorite of all the units we have went over. Not only was it an easy topic but also interesting to learn about. Everything about us comes from these punnett squares and can tell us what our offspring may or may not look like. Its very mind blowing to me how something so small and simple can shown us what our children or other peoples children's could look like. You would think it would be something so hard and complex to solve and set up but its the exact opposite. These are some reasons on why I enjoyed this unit of biology. 


Citations:
- Mr.Blacks powerpoints 
- My brain
- http://www.backyardchickens.com/a/punnett-squares-easy-genetics
- http://study.com/academy/lesson/punnet-square-definition-example-quiz.html
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnett_square

Characteristics of Life- Ashton Wilson

Characteristics of Life 

Characteristics of life:

-composed of cells

-has a life span (grows and dies)

-able to reproduce

-requires/used energy for survival

-respond to their surroundings (homeostasis)

Reflection:
Personally, I enjoyed this topic a lot. I found it easy and very self explanatory. This is a very important subject in biology because it defines what makes something living and whenever you do labs or have to do experiments, this is important to know.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates 

Facts

-carbohydrates are a short term energy source 

-carbohydrates are in pasta, bread, and potatoes

-carbohydrates are broken down into 

Summary

when i played sports i played ice hockey, and i would try to eat food that would provide good energy to my body. i was told eating pasta is a good way to get energy and good nutrients. i didn't know why though until i learned what the purpose of carbohydrates are and what they provide. before big games i would try and eat foods with lots of carbs so id have energy for the game.

facts link

image link

class foldable 

• The energy pyramid shows how much energy is distributed through the chain
• The pyramid starts with producers who make there own energy and ends with the tertiary predators getting the least amount of energy
• the pyramid goes down 10% each tier

The energy pyramid is the energy stream of a community. The different levels represent different groups of organisms that might compose a food chain. When an organism eats another organism 10% of energy is passed down. 

Photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis occurs in plants.
• In order for photosynthesis to occur, there needs to be water, carbon dioxide and sunlight.
• Photosynthesis produces sugar and oxygen.

Photosynthesis only occurs in plants and produces reactants for cellular respiration. The reactants for photosynthesis are water(H2O), air(carbon dioxide) and sunlight. The products are sugar(glucose) and air(oxygen). Glucose is the primary product because it's the main product of photosynthesis. It is the food for the plants in order to continue growth.

https://www.google.com/search?q=photosynthesis&safe=active&espv=2&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjTmIr7iZrTAhXorlQKHckoCTcQ_AUIBigB&biw=1366&bih=671#imgrc=ybpWTAx8n_kNcM:

Plant Cell vs Animal Cel

Plant Cell vs Animal Cell
By: Kia Gallmon                                                                                    

Animal cells:

• Are more complex.
• Contains a membrane bound organelles. 
• Much larger in size.
• DNA 
• Ribosomes 
• Has cytoplasm which is clear fluid that fills the cell and supports the organelles

Summary:

Animal cells is defined as a eukaryotic cell in which all the
 organelles are contained in membranes. Organelles included
 in an animal cell are a nucleus, the centrioles, an endoplasmic
 reticulum, a golgi complex, lysosomes, the mitochondria 
and ribosomes. A eukaryote is any organism whose cells 
have a nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes. 
Eukaryotes belong to the taxon Eukarya or Eukaryota. 

Plant Cells:

• Not housed in nucleus 
• Lack membrane bound organelles common to the animal cell
• Plasma membrane that allows things to come in and out 
• DNA
• Ribosomes
• Have a cell wall on the outside of the plasma membrane 
• Vacuoles in plants are much larger than in animals 

Summary:

Plant cells are a type of eukaryotic cell that are found in the 
organisms within thePlant Kingdom. Eukaryotic cells contain 
a nucleus. Plant cells differ from other eukaryotic cells because 
the organelles present are different. Organelles are the major 
parts of a cell. Plant cells also contain chlorophyll.

Citations:

keynote: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1JzypU6p5jqCi15A8xuUYvwfNm0WmQNuPw7MbGTsNb1E/edit#slide=id.p8

Recording: https://learn.mgsd.k12.nc.us/bbcswebdav/pid-188273-dt-content-rid-2154335_1/courses/2016_33202X0S_2994161281_2602_MHS/Prokaryotes%20vs.%20Eukaryotes.mp4

Enzymes - Siene Trunzo

ENZYMES

Siene Trunzo

• Info: Macromolecular catalysts are known as enzymes. "Macromolecular" means larger molecule. "Catalyst" are substances that speed up chemical reactions. The purpose of Enzymes is exactly that. Without enzymes, reactions in our body would be so slow our body would shut down. 

• How it works: Enzymes don't work on their own. They need a helper known as a substrate. Each enzyme and substrate all have specific shapes. An enzyme with a shape that doesn't match the shape of a substrate can't work together! The shapes on both of them must piece together to be able to work.

• Labels:

• Mouth Piece- The mouth piece is the shape of the enzyme which acts as a mouth when it connects with the substrate.

• Active Site- Where the enzyme and substrate join together.

• Scale: PH level can effect enzymes in positive or negative ways. On a scale of 0-14, the sectioned zone 0-6 is considered "acidic." 8-14 is considered "basic" on the scale. Neutral is where enzymes are functioning most efficiently.

• Reflection: Enzymes are classified as proteins. Their sensitivity in PH levels affect us too. When you have a fever, your body temperature goes up. The enzymes are no longer able to stay in their neutral zone and get too hot. This may be a reason its so difficult to recover from sickness. Without enzymes functioning properly, your body will struggle without their help.

Citations:

(Mr. Black's "Enzyme Powerpoint")

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1BvluyV2utLbVb_Fk5m7_-v6b8aiL4hMXwpqjazJY5fU/copy

Mutation: Addition

Mutation: Addition 

Main Ideas:

-An extra nucleotide is added to the strand of DNA
-Everything after the addition is changed (the codons and the amino acids)

Reflection with info:

During our time in class I learned that a mutation is any change in the DNA sequence. It could be caused by a spontaneous mistake (which I found kind of surprising) or a environmental factor that effected it. For example a environmental factor that could affect the DNA sequence is radiation. One mutation is addition which is the addition of one or more extra nucleotide base pairs that get added to the DNA sequence. This mutation is considered a frameshift mutation. When an extra nucleotide base pair is added it affects the codons and the amino acids. Overall I thought learning the mutations was pretty easy because it was almost self explanatory. One way you could use this out of our biology class is if you become an oncologist (a doctor who studies cancer and the prevention or other of it) because they need to know what causes the cancer and what went wrong with the DNA sequence involved.

Citation:
https://islaslab.wikispaces.com/Mutation

DNA

DNA

What is DNA? 

• DNA is the acronym for Deoxyribonucleic Acid 
• An Acid that makes up our genetic makeup. 
• Vital for protein production.

What Make Up the DNA

• The DNA is composed of 3 main compounds and 4 complementary compounds.
• The parts that make up the backbone of the DNA are the Deoxyribose (simple sugar) and the phosphate groups.
• The protein production is made up of Nitrogen bases.
• The nitrogen bases are known as Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, and Guanine.
• The pairs for them goes as follows: AT, CG. That simple.
• A neat trick that Mr. Black showed us is to put them in alphabetical order and put the innies with the outies.

Summary: This can actually be beneficial to you in the future if you want to become a Doctor. If you know what proteins are being produced and the patient isn't producing enough you could find the problem and fix it while giving said patient what pairs he (not assuming) needs in the time being. 

Citations:

• https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=What+does+DNA+make+up 
• https://www.google.com/search?q=DNA&safe=active&espv=2&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhquHPiJrTAhWkj1QKHWdFDikQ_AUIBigB&biw=1120&bih=577#imgrc=x42tu6168zA1fM:

Cell Wall

Cell Wall

Reflection : Cell Wall means that it basically protects and keeps the cell together. 

Main Ideas : 

- Owing to its exceptional strength and its ability to control cell shape, the extracellular matrix of eubacteria, algae, fungi, and plants is called the cell wall. 

- It provide rigidity and protection. For multicellular organisms, the cell wall also binds different cells together

- Plants use their cell wall as part of their system for maintaining their shape and stiffness.

- If a cell didn't have a wall it would lose to much water. 

- It is located in plant cells they are the outermost part of the cell surrounding the cell membrane.

Citations : http://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/botany/botany-general/cell-wall

https://prezi.com/scz5yer3yqri/5-facts-about-a-cell-wall/

Blogger Information

Hey Everyone! Here is the information for your quarter long project that you will be working on.

Quarter Project

Throughout the remainder of the semester you will be updating blog posts and commenting on classmates blogs with questions. The goal of this assignment is to research areas of the curriculum and create interactive reviews that can then be used as a study guide before the EOC. It is the responsibility of the owner to monitor their blog and answer any questions posted by classmates.

Everyone will make three blog posts and comment on 3 other students posts per each blog due date totaling 9 comments/questions (meaning you cannot comment on the first 9 blogs and be done for the semester). In total you will make 3 blogs with 9 comments. Each blog should contain a visual (picture, video, animation), main ideas/information about your topic (Something you can use as a quick review before the EOC), and some type of reflection (a summary of what you learned, what surprised you, was this something you already knew about, how did you like this objective, how can it be applied outside of biology, ect). Go to the following link to sign up for your topics: https://docs.google.com/document/d/13-7Bszz23Y-RfqkWPuj1MqBiwTTx35D3-WLI8oDVd6A/edit?usp=sharing. All topics must be picked once before a second person can sign up for them. I have put some notes in parenthesis by a few topics to help narrow the topic. MAKE SURE YOU PUT YOUR NAME IN YOUR BLOG AND THE COMMENT SO I CAN GIVE YOU CREDIT FOR THE ASSIGNMENT.

Your blog post might be due before we cover the content objective in class. If your objective has not been covered you will need to do some research on your own, but always know I will be available to help guide and narrow your research if needed.

DO NOT contact me the day before your post is due asking for help narrowing your research. You have plenty of time so plan ahead.

The first blog will be due by MIDNIGHT Friday April 14th.

-All questions must be asked by MIDNIGHT Friday April 28th.

The second blog will be due by MIDNIGHT Friday May 5th.

-All questions must be asked by MIDNIGHT Friday May 12th.

The third blog will be due by MIDNIGHT Friday May 19th.

-All questions must be asked MIDNIGHT Friday May 26th.